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Textbook in PDF format Since the turn of the millennium it has become clear that the Asia-Pacific Region is, economically, the fastest growing continent in the world, and is likely to remain so for some time despite the setbacks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Asia-Pacific's share of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) doubled from 15 per cent to 30 per cent between 1970 and 2017 and is projected to account for half of global GDP by 2050. With South East and South Asia also growing rapidly, with over half the world's population and three of the world's five largest economies, Asia is soon poised to home half of the world's middle class — a class that is both the driver and the product of higher education. The quality of a country's system of higher education may be seen both as a gauge of its current level of national development as well as of its future economic prospects. It is therefore natural that the putative "Asian Century" should generate interest in the region's higher education systems which, on the one hand, share common characteristics-a fixation with credentials and engineering, high technology (especially among male students), and business degrees-while at the same time are also highly differentiated, not only across countries but also within. As such, a better understanding of higher education achievements, failings, potential, and structural limitations in the Asia-Pacific Region is imperative. This handbook presents a number of significant country case-studies and documents cross-cutting trends relating to, among other things: the trilemma faced by governments juggling competing claims of access, accessible cost, and quality; the balance between teaching and research; the links between labour markets (demand) and higher education (supply); preferred fields of study and their consequences; the rise of the research university in Asia; the lure of institutions of international reputation within the region; new education technologies and their effects; and, trends in government policy within the wider region and sub-regions. Introduction / Devesh Kapur, Lily Kong, Florence Lo, and David M. Malone History History of Higher Education in Asia-Pacific / Deane Neubauer Goals, Growth, and Massification From Elite Higher Education to Massification: The Asia-Pacific Experience / Malcolm Tight Employment and Labor Markets / Roslyn Cameron and John Burgess Productive Workers or Better Citizens? / Arnoud De Meyer Who Learns? Access / Prompilai Buasuwan and Arisara Leksansern Gender in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Vertical Progress, Horizontal Segregation, and a Leaky Pipeline / Elizabeth M. King What: Content and Learning in Higher Education The Relationship Between Credentials and Learning: A Focus on International Educational Value and Distinction / Johanna L. Waters Liberal Arts and Sciences Education for the Twenty-First Century in Asia / Mikiko Nishimura STEM Field Demand and Educational Reform in Asia-Pacific Countries / Aki Yamada The Ranking Game / William Yat Wai Lo and Ryan M. Allen Professional Education: Models and Issues / Sheng-Ju Chan and Hua-Chi Chou How and Who? Quality Regulation in Higher Education in Asia-Pacific: Roles of Quality Assurance and National Qualification Frameworks / Angela Yung Chi Hou, I-Jung Grace Lu, Karen Hui Jung Chen, and Chao Yu Guo Internationalization and Education-Related Mobility in Asia-Pacific Universities / K. C. Ho, Ravinder Sidhu, and Brenda S. A. Yeoh Internationalization and Mobility: Providers, Academic Collaborators, and Recognition of Qualifications / Christopher S. Collins and Alexander H. Jones Education Hubs in the Asia-Pacific / Kris Olds Open University Systems / Melinda dela Peña Bandalaria and Alexandra Ivanovic MOOCs in Asia: Promise Unfulfilled or Promise Realized? / Helen Farley Costs: Who Pays? Public Financing / Xi Wang and W. James Jacob Private Philanthropy in Higher Education in Asia / Swee-Sum Lam Student Loans in Practice: Benefits and Pitfalls of Loans Schemes in Asia / Adrian Ziderman Consequences and Challenges Returning Talent / Rennie J. Moon Asia as a Producer of Knowledge / Youngsuk Chi and John Van Orden Asian Higher Education as Soft Power? / Jack T. Lee Higher Education and Nationalism in the Asia-Pacific / Christopher D. Hammond Lifelong Learning as a Globally Diffused Policy Discourse in Asia / Hongxia Shan and Zheng Ren Country Studies China: Historical and Contemporary Development of Higher Education / Wenqin Shen and Wanhua Ma Elite Universities in China / Lan Xue, Zhen Yu, and Zhou Zhong India: History and Thrust of Overall Higher Education and Research Patterns / Niraja Gopal Jayal Private Universities in India: New Dawn or False Dawn? / Pratap Bhanu Mehta Japan: The Changing Role of Higher Education for Nation-Building / Akiyoshi Yonezawa Japan: Challenges in Internationalization of its Higher Education Sector / Miki Sugimura and Shinobu Yume Yamaguchi Higher Education in the Republic of Korea / Jang Wan Ko Singapore: The Making of Higher Education in an Asian Education Hub / S. Gopinathan and Michael H. Lee Higher Education in Hong Kong: Recent Developments and Challenges / Jin Jiang Australia: History versus Geography in an Evolving National System / Anthony Welch Education for All? Higher Education at a Crossroads in Aotearoa New Zealand / Kathryn A. Sutherland and Stephen J. Marshall Indonesia: The Politics of Equity and Quality in Higher Education / Chiara Logli and Hermin Indah Wahyuni Higher Education in Malaysia / Chang Da Wan Privatized Higher Education in Thailand: In Pursuit of Legitimacy and Profitability / Prachayani Praphamontripong Kanwar and Florence Lo Higher Education in Myanmar / Marie Lall, Camille Kandiko Howson, and Aye Aye Tun Philippine Higher Education: A Case for Public-Private Complementarity in the Next Normal / Maria Cynthia Rose Bautista, Vicente Paqueo, and Aniceto Orbeta Jr. Index